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<article role="main" id="furo-main-content">
<section id="module-searx.utils">
<span id="utility-functions-for-the-engines"></span><span id="searx-utils"></span><h1>Utility functions for the engines<a class="headerlink" href="#module-searx.utils" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>Utility functions for the engines</p>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.XPathSpecType">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">XPathSpecType</span></span><span class="property"><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.TypeAlias" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">TypeAlias</span></a></span><span class="property"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="pre">str</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">lxml.etree.XPath</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.XPathSpecType" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Type alias used by <a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.get_xpath" title="searx.utils.get_xpath"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">searx.utils.get_xpath</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.eval_xpath" title="searx.utils.eval_xpath"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">searx.utils.eval_xpath</span></code></a> and other XPath selectors.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.searxng_useragent">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">searxng_useragent</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#searxng_useragent"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.searxng_useragent" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the SearXNG User Agent</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.gen_useragent">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">gen_useragent</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">os_string</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">None</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#gen_useragent"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.gen_useragent" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a random browser User Agent</p>
<p>See searx/data/useragents.json</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.gen_gsa_useragent">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">gen_gsa_useragent</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#gen_gsa_useragent"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.gen_gsa_useragent" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a random “Google Go App” User Agent suitable for Google</p>
<p>See searx/data/gsa_useragents.txt</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.HTMLTextExtractor">
<span class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">HTMLTextExtractor</span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#HTMLTextExtractor"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.HTMLTextExtractor" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Internal class to extract text from HTML</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.html_to_text">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">html_to_text</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">html_str</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#html_to_text"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.html_to_text" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Extract text from a HTML string</p>
<dl>
<dt>Args:</dt><dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>html_str (str): string HTML</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>Returns:</dt><dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>str: extracted text</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>Examples:</dt><dd><div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">html_to_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Example &lt;span id=&quot;42&quot;&gt;#2&lt;/span&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;Example #2&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">html_to_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;style&gt;.span { color: red; }&lt;/style&gt;&lt;span&gt;Example&lt;/span&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;Example&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">html_to_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">&#39;regexp: (?&amp;lt;![a-zA-Z]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;regexp: (?&lt;![a-zA-Z]&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">html_to_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lorem ipsum &lt;/i&gt;dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;Lorem ipsum &lt;/i&gt;dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">html_to_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">&#39;&amp;#x3e &amp;#x3c &amp;#97&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;&gt; &lt; a&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.markdown_to_text">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">markdown_to_text</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">markdown_str</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#markdown_to_text"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.markdown_to_text" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Extract text from a Markdown string</p>
<dl>
<dt>Args:</dt><dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>markdown_str (str): string Markdown</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>Returns:</dt><dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>str: extracted text</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>Examples:</dt><dd><div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">markdown_to_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;[example](https://example.com)&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;example&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">markdown_to_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;## Headline&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;Headline&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.extract_text">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">extract_text</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">xpath_results</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">list</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.ElementBase" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">ElementBase</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree._Element" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">_Element</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.ElementBase" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">ElementBase</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree._Element" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">_Element</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/numbers.html#numbers.Number" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Number</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">bool</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">None</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">allow_none</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">bool</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">None</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#extract_text"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.extract_text" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Extract text from a lxml result</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xpath_results</span></code> is a list of <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ElementType</span></code> objects, extract
the text from each result and concatenate the list in a string.</p></li>
<li><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xpath_results</span></code> is a <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ElementType</span></code> object, extract all the
text node from it ( <a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.html.html#lxml.html.tostring" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxml.html.tostring</span></code></a>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">method=&quot;text&quot;</span></code> )</p></li>
<li><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xpath_results</span></code> is of type <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> or <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Number</span></code>,
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.14)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bool</span></code></a> the string value is returned.</p></li>
<li><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xpath_results</span></code> is of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> a <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#ValueError" title="(in Python v3.14)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised,
except <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">allow_none</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> is returned.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.normalize_url">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">normalize_url</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">url</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">base_url</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#normalize_url"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.normalize_url" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Normalize URL: add protocol, join URL with base_url, add trailing slash if there is no path</p>
<dl>
<dt>Args:</dt><dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>url (str): Relative URL</p></li>
<li><p>base_url (str): Base URL, it must be an absolute URL.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>Example:</dt><dd><div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">normalize_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;https://example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;https://example.com/&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">normalize_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;//example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;http://example.com/&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">normalize_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;//example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://example.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;https://example.com/&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">normalize_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path?a=1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;https://example.com/path?a=1&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">normalize_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;https://example.com/&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">normalize_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/test&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">raise ValueError</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Raises:</dt><dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>lxml.etree.ParserError</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>Returns:</dt><dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>str: normalized URL</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.extract_url">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">extract_url</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">xpath_results</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">list</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.ElementBase" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">ElementBase</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree._Element" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">_Element</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.ElementBase" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">ElementBase</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree._Element" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">_Element</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/numbers.html#numbers.Number" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Number</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">bool</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">None</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">base_url</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#extract_url"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.extract_url" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Extract and normalize URL from lxml Element</p>
<dl>
<dt>Example:</dt><dd><div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">search_url</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">searx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">utils</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extract_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromstring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">search_url</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;span id=&quot;42&quot;&gt;https://example.com&lt;/span&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;https://example.com/&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;https://example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;https://example.com/&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;//example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;http://example.com/&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;//example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://example.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;https://example.com/&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path?a=1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;https://example.com/path?a=1&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">raise lxml.etree.ParserError</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">searx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">utils</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extract_url</span><span class="p">([],</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">raise ValueError</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Raises:</dt><dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>ValueError</p></li>
<li><p>lxml.etree.ParserError</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>Returns:</dt><dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>str: normalized URL</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.dict_subset">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dict_subset</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">dictionary</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.abc.html#collections.abc.MutableMapping" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">MutableMapping</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Any</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Any</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">properties</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#set" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">set</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.abc.html#collections.abc.MutableMapping" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">MutableMapping</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Any</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#dict_subset"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.dict_subset" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Extract a subset of a dict</p>
<dl>
<dt>Examples:</dt><dd><div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">dict_subset</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;B&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;C&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;C&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">{&#39;A&#39;: &#39;a&#39;, &#39;C&#39;: &#39;c&#39;}</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">dict_subset</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;B&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;C&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;D&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">{&#39;A&#39;: &#39;a&#39;}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.humanize_bytes">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">humanize_bytes</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">int</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">float</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">precision</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">2</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#humanize_bytes"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.humanize_bytes" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Determine the <em>human readable</em> value of bytes on 1024 base (1KB=1024B).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.humanize_number">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">humanize_number</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">int</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">float</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">precision</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#humanize_number"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.humanize_number" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Determine the <em>human readable</em> value of a decimal number.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.convert_str_to_int">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">convert_str_to_int</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">number_str</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#convert_str_to_int"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.convert_str_to_int" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert number_str to int or 0 if number_str is not a number.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.extr">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">extr</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">txt</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">begin</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">end</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">default</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">''</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#extr"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.extr" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Extract the string between <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end</span></code> from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">txt</span></code></p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>txt</strong> String to search in</p></li>
<li><p><strong>begin</strong> First string to be searched for</p></li>
<li><p><strong>end</strong> Second string to be searched for after <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><strong>default</strong> Default value if one of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end</span></code> is not
found. Defaults to an empty string.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>The string between the two search-strings <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end</span></code>.
If at least one of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end</span></code> is not found, the value of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default</span></code> is returned.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Examples:</dt><dd><div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">extr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;abcde&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;a&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;e&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&quot;bcd&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">extr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;abcde&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;a&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;z&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">deafult</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;nothing&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&quot;nothing&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.int_or_zero">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">int_or_zero</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">num</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">list</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#int_or_zero"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.int_or_zero" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert num to int or 0. num can be either a str or a list.
If num is a list, the first element is converted to int (or return 0 if the list is empty).
If num is a str, see convert_str_to_int</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.to_string">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">to_string</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Any</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#to_string"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.to_string" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert obj to its string representation.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.ecma_unescape">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ecma_unescape</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#ecma_unescape"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.ecma_unescape" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Python implementation of the unescape javascript function</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-unescape-string">https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-unescape-string</a>
<a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/fr/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Objets_globaux/unescape">https://developer.mozilla.org/fr/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Objets_globaux/unescape</a></p>
<dl>
<dt>Examples:</dt><dd><div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ecma_unescape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">%u</span><span class="s1">5409&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ecma_unescape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;%20&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39; &#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ecma_unescape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">%F</span><span class="s1">3&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;ó&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.remove_pua_from_str">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">remove_pua_from_str</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#remove_pua_from_str"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.remove_pua_from_str" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes unicodes “PRIVATE USE CHARACTER”s (<a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_Areas">PUA</a>) from a string.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.get_engine_from_settings">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_engine_from_settings</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">dict</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">dict</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#get_engine_from_settings"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.get_engine_from_settings" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Return engine configuration from settings.yml of a given engine name</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.get_xpath">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_xpath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">xpath_spec</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.XPath" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">XPath</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.XPath" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">XPath</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#get_xpath"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.get_xpath" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Return cached compiled <a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.XPath" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxml.etree.XPath</span></code></a> object.</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code>:</dt><dd><p>Raised when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xpath_spec</span></code> is neither a <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> nor a
<a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.XPath" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxml.etree.XPath</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SearxXPathSyntaxException</span></code>:</dt><dd><p>Raised when there is a syntax error in the <em>XPath</em> selector (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code>).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.eval_xpath">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">eval_xpath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">element</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.ElementBase" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">ElementBase</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree._Element" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">_Element</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">xpath_spec</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.XPath" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">XPath</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Any</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#eval_xpath"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.eval_xpath" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">element.xpath(xpath_str)</span></code> but compile <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xpath_str</span></code> into
a <a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.XPath" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxml.etree.XPath</span></code></a> object once for all. The return value of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xpath(..)</span></code> is complex, read <a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/xpathxslt.html#xpath-return-values">XPath return values</a> for more details.</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code>:</dt><dd><p>Raised when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xpath_spec</span></code> is neither a <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> nor a
<a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.XPath" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxml.etree.XPath</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SearxXPathSyntaxException</span></code>:</dt><dd><p>Raised when there is a syntax error in the <em>XPath</em> selector (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SearxEngineXPathException:</span></code></dt><dd><p>Raised when the XPath cant be evaluated (masked
<code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxml.etree..XPathError</span></code>).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.eval_xpath_list">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">eval_xpath_list</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">element</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.ElementBase" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">ElementBase</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree._Element" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">_Element</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">xpath_spec</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.XPath" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">XPath</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">min_len</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">int</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">None</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">list</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Any</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#eval_xpath_list"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.eval_xpath_list" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.eval_xpath" title="searx.utils.eval_xpath"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">searx.utils.eval_xpath</span></code></a>, but additionally ensures the
return value is a <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="(in Python v3.14)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>. The minimum length of the list is also
checked (if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">min_len</span></code> is set).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.eval_xpath_getindex">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">eval_xpath_getindex</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">element</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.ElementBase" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">ElementBase</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree._Element" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">_Element</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">xpath_spec</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://lxml.de/apidoc/lxml.etree.html#lxml.etree.XPath" title="(in lxml v7.0.0a1)"><span class="pre">XPath</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">index</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">default</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Any</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">&lt;searx.utils._NotSetClass</span> <span class="pre">object&gt;</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Any</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#eval_xpath_getindex"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.eval_xpath_getindex" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.eval_xpath_list" title="searx.utils.eval_xpath_list"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">searx.utils.eval_xpath_list</span></code></a>, but returns item on
position <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index</span></code> from the list (index starts with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>).</p>
<p>The exceptions known from <a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.eval_xpath" title="searx.utils.eval_xpath"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">searx.utils.eval_xpath</span></code></a> are thrown. If a
default is specified, this is returned if an element at position <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index</span></code>
could not be determined.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.get_embeded_stream_url">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_embeded_stream_url</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">url</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#get_embeded_stream_url"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.get_embeded_stream_url" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Converts a standard video URL into its embed format. Supported services include Youtube,
Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Dailymotion, and Bilibili.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.js_obj_str_to_python">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">js_obj_str_to_python</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">js_obj_str</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">Any</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#js_obj_str_to_python"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.js_obj_str_to_python" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert a javascript variable into JSON and then load the value</p>
<p>It does not deal with all cases, but it is good enough for now.
chompjs has a better implementation.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.utils.parse_duration_string">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">parse_duration_string</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">duration_str</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.timedelta" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">timedelta</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.14)"><span class="pre">None</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/searx/utils.html#parse_duration_string"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.utils.parse_duration_string" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Parse a time string in format MM:SS or HH:MM:SS and convert it to a <cite>timedelta</cite> object.</p>
<p>Returns None if the provided string doesnt match any of the formats.</p>
</dd></dl>
</section>
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<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Utility functions for the engines</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.XPathSpecType"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">XPathSpecType</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.searxng_useragent"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">searxng_useragent()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.gen_useragent"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gen_useragent()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.gen_gsa_useragent"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gen_gsa_useragent()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.HTMLTextExtractor"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTMLTextExtractor</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.html_to_text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html_to_text()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.markdown_to_text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">markdown_to_text()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.extract_text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extract_text()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.normalize_url"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normalize_url()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.extract_url"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extract_url()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.dict_subset"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict_subset()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.humanize_bytes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">humanize_bytes()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.humanize_number"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">humanize_number()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.convert_str_to_int"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">convert_str_to_int()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.extr"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extr()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.int_or_zero"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int_or_zero()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.to_string"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">to_string()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.ecma_unescape"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ecma_unescape()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.remove_pua_from_str"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">remove_pua_from_str()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.get_engine_from_settings"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_engine_from_settings()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.get_xpath"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_xpath()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.eval_xpath"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval_xpath()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.eval_xpath_list"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval_xpath_list()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.eval_xpath_getindex"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval_xpath_getindex()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.get_embeded_stream_url"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_embeded_stream_url()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.js_obj_str_to_python"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">js_obj_str_to_python()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.utils.parse_duration_string"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parse_duration_string()</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
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</ul>
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